Nationalist revolutions sweep the west 1789 – 1900

 

 

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Section 1 chapter 24

Revolution in Haiti

            While the emperor of France, napoleon had a problem with the island of Haiti. Toussaint L’Overture led an uprising against the French government in the tiny island.

After being imprisoned and dying, his followers finished the revolution against the French and became the first black colony to free its self from European rule.

Revolution in Latin America comes about during the reign of napoleon and his appointment of his brother to the throne of Spain. There were already problems in the colonies of Spain.

Peninsulares

Creoles

Mestizos

Mulattos

 

Indians

Men who had been born in Spain. Only peninsulares could hold office in Spanish colonies, thus keeping ht e colony loyal to the Spanish government.

Spanish born in Latin America. Ranked right after the peninsulares and could not hold high offices in the colonies and were leaders in the Spanish colonial armies.

European and Indian descendants.

Mixed European and African  (slaves).

Lowest person in the society  because they had no monetary value, not treated properly.

The Creoles were the ones to lead the battles for independence in the Spanish colonies. Many of these class of colonists went to college in Europe. Armed with this education and new ideals, they came back and fought for freedoms.

Venezuela

Argentina

Mexico

Brazil

Central America

Simon Bolivar

Jose de San Martin

Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos

Dom Pedro

 

In  1821, won its independence from Spain.

Helped free Chile, Peru, and Ecuador, the rest of south America freed in 1824.

Grito de Dolores, the call of Dolores.  Hidalgo was defeated and his follower Morelos carried on his fight.  But was defeated the man that defeated him proclaimed independence. Agustin de Iturbide. He was defeated by the central American states that became independent of Mexico.

The Brazilian people wanted to be under the rule of the Portuguese king. The Creoles very much wanted to get the son of King John to rule in Brazil.

 

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Chapter 24 section 2

Revolutions disrupt Europe

Conservatives

Liberals

Radicals

Usually wealthy property owners and nobility wanted to protect the traditional monarchies of Europe.

Mostly merchants and middle-class business leaders and merchants gave power to the elected parliaments.

Wanted all people to experience democracy.

Nationalism is the belief that one’s greatest loyalty should be toward a nation of people who share a common culture and history.

This nationalism led to the Balkans, which is the area around Greece to fight for its independence from the Ottoman Empire.

There were also other revolutions and reforms in Western Europe. In the mid 1800s, the countries were under going changes. Louis Napoleon became emperor napoleon III and his rule included the changes that built railroads, encouraged industrialization and promoted an ambitious program of public works. Unemployment fell.

Russia tried to take over the Ottoman Empire and failed. This was known as the Crimean War. Alexander II ended serfdom in the great lands of Russia.

Section 3  nationalism.

PATTERNS OF CHANGE: Nationalism

Bonds That Create a Nation-State

Nationality
  • A belief in a common ethnic ancestry – a belief that may or may not be true

Language

  • Different dialects (forms) of one language; one dialect chosen as the “national language”

Culture

  • A shared way of life (food, dress, behavior, ideals)

History

  • A common past; common experiences

Religion

  • A religion shared by all or most fo the people

Territory

  • A certain territory that belongs to the ethnic group; its “land”

 

 

Nation-State

  • Defends the nation’s territory and its way of life
  • Represents the nation to the rest of the world
  • Embodies the people and its ideals

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Nationalism shakes up the empires.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Russian Empire

Ottoman Empire

Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, poles, Serbs, Slavs, and Italians.

Ukrainians, poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, and Turks.

Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, and Armenians.

This area crumbled into nation states. After WWI.

 

The Russians were trying to maintain strict Russian culture in al the areas around it. Just caused the areas to develop more nationalism.

After getting forced by French and British, ottoman empire issued equal citizenship to all people under their rule. Like the other two, ottoman empire was broken up after WWI.

 

CASE STUDY:  ITALY

CASE STUDY:  GERMANY

 

Cavour unites Italy.

 

Austria ruled the northern part of Italy after the congress of Vienna, while the Spanish ruled the southern part of Italy. Two leaders tried to unite the people of Italy that were tired of being under a foreign ruler.

 

 

Prussia unites Germany.

 

39 German states formed the German Confederation.

 

 

26 year old Mazzini had a group following him known as Young Italy. No one over 40 was allowed to join. In 1848 he ruled Rome for a while he wanted social justice, democracy, and peace for Europe.

Prime minister of Sardinia count Camillo di Cavour, wanted to unite Sardinia and led to uniting Italy.  France helped drive the Austrians out of northern Italy.  Getting interested in controlling the south, Cavour supported Garibaldi, whose followers wore red shirts. Became know as the Red Shirts.

Prussia had advantages over the other states. Were mostly Germans so the nationalism was strong, it controlled a strong army, and Prussia industrialized sooner than the other states.

Austria Hungary was much weaker militarily. Wilhelm was running the German government, with Bismarck as his prime minister. Practiced realpolitik. The politics of reality.

Bismarck eliminates Austria the seven weeks war a quick war that Prussia took control of northern Germany.  

 

 

 

Franco Prussia war was created by Bismarck to get more land for Germany the defeat of the French gave German unification. . 1871 Bismarck becomes the Kaiser or emperor of Germany. In 1815, there were five great powers Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia and in 1871 only two great powers were present Britain and Germany.

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Revolutions in the arts

Chapter 24 section 4

The romantic movement.

Romanticism was a movement in art and ideas. It showed deep interest both in nature and in the thoughts and feelings of the individual. Romantic thinkers and writers reacted against the ideals of the enlightenment.

Ideas of romanticism

The Grimm’s fairy tales were written during this time. Wadsworth, Bryon, Keats, and Shelley were poets during this time. Frankenstein was written after spending a night of telling ghost stories at a friend.

Composers of the time period Beethoven wrote his music during this time period.  And Shakespeare wrote a midsummer night’s dream. This opened the way for other artists and their new ideas realism. As life is not as it should be. The interest in science and the scientific method during this period encouraged this realistic approach to art and literature. Charles Dickens created characters that reflected the lifestyle of the English towns showing us realism.

New art form impressionism that gives an impression of life’s moment is being used.

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