People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. - 259 B.C.
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Chapter 3
Section one
Attacks from indo Europeans came from the steppes area located between
the black and Caspian seas. They herded cattle sheep and goats; they tamed
horses and rode into battle in two wheeled chariots
Their languages are indo European chart page 57
What caused migrations the movement of a people over time from one region to another.
There are some guesses
The animal and
human population may have grown to big to work with in the area.
They may have been running from disease or from enemies
Warrior invaders
Hittites
They came from Asia minor which is now turkey. The separate city states joined to gether to make a empire
Hattusas was its capital
Has a large area under its control Sumerian, Egypt fought over Syria neither could win so they came to agreement fight off all other invaders.
Unlike most invaders the Hittites, would acquire the better methods of doing things from the people they conquered. they brought in chariots and iron to these countries they also changed the codes a little if someone killed someone they could give up a slave or a child to the family that lost a loved one
The Hittites borrowed the literature laws politics and art
With the horses and chariots and iron the Hittites were
defeated
While the Hittites are in turkey, another race is taking over India
The Aryans cross into the Indus river valley Vedas were
written by the Aryans but did not leave any other history was passed down orally
The Aryans created the caste system of the Indians dasa was the name for the dark color for the Aryans became name for slave Aryans divided into three social classes
Brahmins priests warriors and peasants or traders
The Portuguese named the castes system and anyone out side
of the others were known as untouchables
Kingdoms arise in the Ganges and Yamuna river valleys
A major kingdom arose in India Magadha occupying almost all of the subcontinent
The Mahabharata is the longest poem that tells a story of
the battles between the different kingdoms in India
It was passed on for generations orally the Aryans worshipped many gods.
Troutman's home expectations world history American history top of page
Terms to know
Indo-Europeans:
Steppes:
Migration:
Hittites:
Anatolia:
Aryans:
Vedas:
Brahmin:
Caste:
Mahabharata:
SECTION 2
Religion in India, Hinduism an Buddhism
Hindu teachers try to interpret and explain the hidden meaning of the Vedas.
Working with a learner a teacher discusses what is the nature of reality?
What is morality? What is the soul? Is there eternal life? The responses to the
Veda was written down and Upanishads can one achieve liberation from desires and
suffering if so it is called Moksha a state of perfect understanding of all
things. Atman the individual soul of a living being and the Brahman the world
soul that contains and unites all atmans.
This complete understanding does not come in one lifetime
by the reincarnation an individual soul or spirit is born again an again until
Moksha is attained Karma follows from one reincarnation to another
The world soul Brahman was sometimes seen as being three
gods Brahman the creator, Vishnu the protector and Shiva the destroyer Vishnu is
the other form of Krishna the divine cow herder or the perfect king Rama.
Three different paths to the Moksha, the path of right
thinking k, the path of right action, or the path of religious devotion.
Hinduism good karma would allow one to be borne into the Brahmin, warrior, or merchant upper class male. He had had good karma in the previous life. If he was born a woman laborer or untouchable he had had bad karma.
Every aspect of life is dominated by karma
Religion guides everyday living for Hindus
New religions in the sub continent of India
Jainism everything has soul and nothing should be harmed they sweep ants off of path to keep from hurting them even cover their mouths so that they don’t breathe in small insects.
Another religion that came out of India was Buddhism. The founder is Siddhartha Gautama the enlightened one his teaching s contain the four noble truths.
Second noble truth the cause of all sufferings is people’s selfish desire for the temporary pleasures of this world.
Third noble truth the way to end all suffering is to end all desires.
Fourth noble truth the way to overcome such desires and attain enlightenment is to follow the Eightfold path, which is called the middle way between desires and self-denial.
The eightfold path includes the following lessons
Right views, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right
livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration when one
attains this he or she has reached nirvana
Buddhists allowed women
into their religious order but was not happy about it. Afraid the men would not
focus on their mediations
Monks and nuns were
sealed with oaths of poverty and beg for their food travel around and try to find food in monsoon season
that hide in caves that become monasteries trade spread Hinduism and Buddhism
around the region Sri Lanka was where a great deal of the followers of Buddha
went to
Sections 3
Traders and influence on culture
Where did Minoans live? Crete Aegean Sea Crete was stepping stone for
culture throughout the world then Knossos was the Minoans capital city named
after king Minos was to have had a Minotaur in the labyrinth women were involved
in the religious worship in Crete. Sacrificed humans to gods or goddesses the
area was riddled with earthquakes, these people spread culture from one area or
region to another. Another group was also credited with spreading culture in the
Mediterranean Sea area
The Phoenicians located
in Lebanon were ship builders and sea farers did not build empires but did have
several city states around the Mediterranean sea first to venture out of the sea
and go around the continent of Africa the city states created by these
shipbuilders were about thirty miles apart and the greatest one was located at
Carthage. Very important item of trade was a dye made from 60,000 snails got one
pound of dye.
The alphabet was needed
in order to record transactions quickly.
Section 4 origins of
Judaism
Phoenicians lived in an area called Palestine also known, as Canaan was
hoe of the Jews. Canaan was land
promised to the Jews by god. The history of the Hebrews is contained tin the first five
books of the torah. Not only do
they contain history but also stories with lessons Abraham was chose as the
father of the Hebrew people, he was living in UR and was chosen to move to
Canaan.
The Hebrews practiced another type of worship; Monotheism the worship of
one God. The bible tells how these
people moved from land to land looking for their promised land.
The Torah the sacred
book of these people told Abraham to move his people to Canaan about 2000 b. c.
These nomads moved again
to Egypt. Their god Yahweh went with them.
The covenant between
Yahweh and the followers of Abraham stated that Yahweh would protect them from
their enemies
When this group of
people went to Egypt they were first honored then s they grew in numbers they
were turned into slaves and forced to work in the fields. 1300 and 1200 b. c.
they left Egypt. The holy book of these people stated that Moses led them out of
bondage. The story is that when the
pharaoh felt crowded conditions showed that the slaves were gaining in numbers
he wanted the male children killed to help protect the Egyptians.
The mother of Moses hid
him in the reeds near a river and an Egyptian princess took him in and raised
him as an Egyptian. Another covenant between the god of the Jews and the
followers of Moses was the Ten Commandments.
Those that followed
Moses wandered in the deserts for 40 years before finding the area chosen for
them and Moses never saw it.
Hebrew law was the Ten
Commandments and was the basics for Judaism Christianity and Islam
Three kings lead the
Jews, Saul David and Solomon. Israel grows under Solomon.
The Israel country paid
tribute to the Assyrians who were in control of Babylon