The Muslim world expands

Section 1

The Ottoman Empire builds a vast empire

The Turks are the members of the Ottoman Empire and were Ghazis or warriors for Islam. Fighting the infidels the warriors fought into the Byzantine Empire.

Osman establishes a great empire. The rulers were kind toward the conquered peoples. Muslims were forced to serve in the military or Turkish armies.

Timur the Lame conquered Russia and Persia. Killed the people of Delhi in Egypt and made a pyramid of skulls

He defeated the Ottomans and took the ruler in a cage where the ruler died

When timur left to go to china the four sons off the sultan started fighting and led to the spread of the Empire to the areas of Hungary

Mehmet II expanded the empire  the city of Constantinople was attacked and defeated after a five week siege then when the city fell he went to the Hagia Sophia and made it a mosque. He found a soldier chopping the marble floor and had the soldier killed.

The empire of Egypt became part of the Ottoman empire suleiman I was the greatest ruler of the Ottoman Empire

Do the map on the page 445

Had a socially highly structured organization. Janissaries where the strong army of the Ottoman Empire.  The system of devshirme was taking boys from families and then trained as soldiers and converted to Islam.  The girls were taken as slaves for wealthy people.

Two groups of changes reducing the government and improving the tax collections is one of the improvements

The other group of changes included the Mosque of Suleiman an complex included four schools, a colleges, a library, a bath and a hospital.

Weak leaders lead to the decline of the Ottoman Empire just as any other empire.

Section 2

Muslim patterns of culture changes

The Salfavids build a Shi’I Empire

Isma’il conquers Persia  a 14 year old named Ismail ruled Persia control all of Iran

Established the religion of shi’I Islam and if you did not convert you were killed also the attacks and wars in Baghdad the Sunni population was destroyed.  Fighting the ottomans (Turkey) the leader of the Ottoman empire ordered the execution of 40,000 of Shi’a followers that lived in turkey. 

The leaders son captured areas northeast of turkey and brought many Christians under the rule of the safavid. 

Under the leadership of Shah Abbas, or Abbas the Great the Safavid gathered culture from the Ottomans, Persian and Arabs.  He created two armies; one group of Persians and the other was made up of Ottoman Janissaries, or slaves that fought with loyalty to him alone. The government was reformed any corruption was met with death and officials were promoted only due to loyalty and competence. Creating an era known as the golden age of the Safavid Empire, interaction with Europe caused industry and art to improve, as well as bringing in Chinese artisans the capitol city of Isfahan was rebuilt.

The dynasty declines rapidly because Abbas killed his ablest sons. And let his grandson rule the empire

And he lost a great deal of the empire however, a Nadir Shah Afshar took over and expanded al the way to India and created a new Persian empire.  He was frightening ruler and his own troops assassinated him

Section 3

The Mughals Establish an Empire in India

The Turkish armies started to attack and advanced to the interior of the India continent and destroyed the Indian city of Delhi. Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi so savagely that for two months not a bird moved in the city. 

Babur was 11 years old when he becomes ruler but the elders forced him out of power. As he aged he built an army, which supported him, and he was a great general once conquered an army of 100,000 with only 12,000.

A legend tells of him strong enough to leap a wall with a man under each arm, but he did enjoy writing poetry, and his gardens.

The real glory of the Mughals was created by Babur’s grand son Akbar, which means “Great One”.

Teaching the idea of religious tolerance he married 2 Hindus, a Christian and a Muslim.  He abolished the taxes on the Hindu pilgrims and the jizya that was a tax on non-Muslims. The tax collector created a way of calculating the tax on a percentage basis. Because it was fair more people paid the tax and created much needed monies for the Empire.

As a military leader, a ruler shall always be intent on conquest. With this military strength behind him he was able to control 100 million people more than all of Europe at the time.

The areas culture was vast taking on the cultures of the various groups in the areas conquered. Mixtures of the cultures of the Hindus, the Muslims, the Indians, and any other groups controlled bye the Mughals. Literature and architecture grew in the area. His offspring grew stronger and brought great changes to the empire.

Jahangir grasper of the world was akbar’s son. And his wife Nur Jahan was into tiger hunting and understood the use of power. She focused on her son Khusrau as the next leader but he rebelled against his father and she turned to the next son in line and khusrau turned to the Sikhs a nonviolent Muslim group and the religious tolerance ended.

Shah Jahan he assassinated all of his rivals . he had a fondness of two things his wife and beautiful buildings. His wife died giving birth to their 14^th child  and to honor her he built a man made wonder of the earth. 20,000 workers worked for 22 years to build this massive labor of love. The Taj Mahal

While building these wonderful things the people were suffering  famine struck India and the farmers were hit with more and more taxes. The cost of building monuments , extravagant living and war used the tax money up.

The son of Shah Jahan did just as his father did and assassinated his rivals and soon took control and put his father in prison

Under the rule of Auranqzeb, rigidly enforced Islamic laws. Outlawing drinking, gambling and other vices. Censors to police the moral and sure the people prayed at the appointed times

He stopped all building and destroyed all Hindu temples. Taxes had to be increased for the funding of wars and the increase was carried by the non Muslims or the Hindu and it was not a happy situation. Aurangzeb allowed the British to build fortified forts on the coastlines and gave Bombay to the British.