Chapter 25 Industrial Revolution

The industrial revolution refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18^th century.

Industrial revolution begins

Wealthy land owners bought up lands and created enclosures of the land and the farmers became tenant farmers or moved o city, as well as needing to experiment with the agricultural methods used.

Jethro Tull invented the speed drill in 1701.

Crop rotation began wheat, then root crop, the barley, and then clover. Livestock was improved by only allowing the best of the herds to breed. Increase food sources caused England’s population to grow and as the farmers lost their lands they moved to towns to be come workers

In order to build a great industrial country you needed lands, labor and capital. These are known as the factors of production.

Textile (clothing industry) created a shuttle to separate the yarn; a contest was created to find a way to spin yarn faster. The spinning jenny was created to help workers work with 8 threads of yarn at a time. These machines were run by hand, until the water frame was introduced. This used running water to run the machines.  More and more inventions led tot the creation of factories. England’s cotton came from the south part of the colonies. And the cotton gin increased the demand for cotton in England so the demand for slaves increased as well.

Improvements in steam engines, led to improvement in boats that led to cheaper transportation for crops. Roads were improved by laying a thin layer of gravel over the road and large wagons would not sink into the mud. Steam engines also led to the creation of the railroads and their faster delivery times allowed the produce to get around the country faster.

Section 2

Quality of life improved during this time period. The population began moving from the farms to the cities.  Urbanization began due to the building of factories near the rapid moving water and coal producing areas of England and other locations around the world, some of these areas tripled and quadrupled in size.

With more and more people moving into the area, the need of quick housing created the need for people to  find any type of housing. The cities weren’t planned out completely and thus had no sanitation, no building codes , did not have adequate housing, education, and police protection. Life expectancy was very short in the urban cities.

Working conditions, 14 hours per day and 6 days a week every day every week for years on end. The factories were not well lit or clean. Accidents happened all the time but mostly in the mines.

While the poorer people lived in unsanitary conditions, a class began to emerge from the population. The well to do people could afford to live in the suburbs.

Land owners made up the upper class  

A new middle class group of people included the new social class of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers.

The working class afraid that the machines would take over their work started destroying the machines, this group was know as that luddites.

Troutman's home   expectations   world history   American history  top of page

 

Patterns of change: industrialization
Effects of Industrialization
Size of cities	·        Growth of factories, bringing job seekers to cities ·        Urban areas doubling, tripling or quadrupling ·        Factories developed near sources of energy ·        Many new  industrial classes specializing in certain industries
Living conditions	·        No sanitary codes or building controls ·        Lack of adequate housing, education, and police protection ·        Lack of running water and indoor plumbing ·        Frequent epidemics sweeping through out slums ·        Eventually better housing, healthier diets, and cheaper clothing
Working conditions	·        Industrialization creating new jobs for workers ·        Workers trying to keep pace with machine ·        Factories dirty and unsanitary ·        Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions ·        Harsh and severe factory discipline ·        Eventually, higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions
Emerging social classes	·        Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, and merchants ·        Upper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of  rich middle class ·        Lower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workers ·        Workers overworked and underpaid ·        In general, a rising stand of living, with some groups excluded

Troutman's home   expectations   world history   American history  top of page

Section 3

Industrialization spreads in the United States

The British blockade of the United States causes the people of the United States to find other ways of doing things.

Industrialization began in the textile industry.  Slater remembered how to build a spinning machine. Soon more were being built.

The textile industry changed the home life of many women. The factories employed many women., and they were chaperoned all day.

The industrialization led to the western expansion of the United States. Railroads were built to reach the farmers of the west who were producing more food and the livestock and ranchers. 

Large companies sold stock in their companies and then bought other companies thus creating huge corporations. Large companies like standard oil company and the Carnegie steel company grew.

In Europe the revolution spreads

Carried secret plans to the Belgium many people sold ideas and took them to the main area of  Europe and created business companies with others there in Europe

British workers soon move to Belgium then on to Germany.  An when they went into Germany much like the united states expansion. Germany went on to be a huge military and industrial giant.

Industry expanded to other parts of Europe. Spain and Italy an Moscow and in France the central government constructed railroads. The railroads helped them get out of the depression the government had gotten them into. Many countries in Europe didn’t industrialize for some reason

Rise of global inequality

Transformation of society the women enter the work world and the economic power changes across the world.  Changed life expectancy and  daily life changed cities grew and labor changed,. Imperialism spread throughout the work.

Troutman's home   expectations   world history   American history  top of page