Westward Expansion

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New York journalist, John O’Sullivan coined the phrase “Manifest Destiny” god given right or obligation ot spread Democracy from coast to coast

Events leading to westward expansion; Louisiana Purchase and California Gold Rush

1819 congress admission of the state of Missouri as a free state, south says “no way”.

If Missouri is a slave state;

            North unequal Senate, increased power in South

            South government has no right in dictating states in what and what not to do, government could forbid          slavery elsewhere

Missouri Compromise:

            Missouri admitted as slave state

            Maine admitted as free state

            Territory south of 36’30 minutes is slave

            Territory north of 36’ 30 minutes is free

Compromise of 1850

·        Congress admits California as a free state

·        New Mexico and Utah would decide themselves if state would be free or slave: popular sovereignty

·        Abolish sale of slaves in D.C.

·        Slavery would remain legal in D.C.

·        Fugitive Slave act: ordered all citizens to return escaped slaves, deny them due process by a jury trial

Kansas-Nebraska Act

• Under Missouri Compromise, Kansas and Nebraska would be free
• North would be more powerful
• Popular Sovereignty comes into play, Kansas Territory would decide for themselves Bloody Kansas occurs

Dred Scot Decision: family should be free, lived in a free territory, the Supreme Court says no, slaves are not citizens so therefore can’t sue, they are property and property cannot be deprived.

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Civil War

1.      Neither side had experience, soldiers, or supplies to wage an effective war

2.      Union needed to convince the rest of the work that this was a rebeliion against legitimate authority

3.      Confederacy a valid war between nations was the argument

North rebuild army in disarray

Union Navy managed to blockade the South

            Strategy was to split the Confederacy and cut them off from the rest of the world

            Anaconda plan-choke the south to military surrender, not appealing to war-hungry northerners in favor

            Of a quick and complete victory.

South no army, no navy, no supplies, no government structure, and no foreign alliances

9 million people, north had 23 million

Main task – amass supplies, troops, ships, and war materials

By the time Lincoln called out for 75,000 men, the South already had 60,000

President of confederacy- Jefferson Davis wanted to fight a defensive war

            Prolong war and make Union retreat, gain international recognition and foreign aid

The north had more than double the amount of Railroad tracks compared to the south, which made movement of troops quicker and easier for north

The north had twice as many factories more productive in guns, ammo, shoes, and uniforms.

The north’s economy was well balanced between industry and farming

The north had more money in banks and already had a functioning government

Also a small, but an existing army and navy

The south had 7 out of 8 military colleges

Majority of trained officers were southerners just needed to maintain a defensive position, did not need to invade the north

Preserve a way of life and self-government

Emancipation Proclamation-slaves in rebellion against South would be free

                                                Slaves in rebellious states would be free

Gettysburg Address, November 19, 1863 

            Edward Everett – 2-hour speech

            President Lincoln 2-minute speech to keep government for the people and by the people

Sherman’s March-total, war, kill and destroy everyone and everything in his path.

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Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan

1.      offered pardon and official forgiveness given to any confederate who would take and oath of

allegiance to north and accept federal policy on slavery

2.      denied pardons to government and military officials who have killed African American war prisoners

3.      permitted each to hold a constitutional convention only after 10 percent of voters in state swear allegiance to the union

4.      each state should hold elections and resume full  participation in the union

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan

1.      pardoned all southerners who swore allegiance to union

2.      permitted states to hold constitutional conventions without Lincoln’s 10 % requirement

3.      states required to void secession, abolish slavery, and ratify the 13^th amendment

4.      states could hold elections and resume full participation in the union

Congressional Reconstruction Plan

1.      put south under military rule

2.      order southern states to hold new elections of delegates who would then create states constitutions

3.      all male voters were allowed to vote including African Americans

4.      temporary banned southerners who supported south from voting

5.      equal rights to all citizens

6.      ratify 14^th amendment

Black Codes

1.      curfews black people could not gather after sunset

2.      vagrancy laws if not employed, black men could be convicted of vagrancy and fined, whipped, or sold for a year’s worth of labor

3.      labor contracts freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work

4.      land restrictions freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas, forced to live on plantations

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